Person in News :Nobel prize winners 2012

Physics:

Serge Haroche: Serge Haroche (born 11 September 1944) is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with David J. Wineland for "ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems", a study about the light particles, the photons. Since 2001, Haroche is a Professor at the Collège de France and holds the Chair of Quantum Physics.

David J. Wineland : David Jeffrey Wineland (born February 24, 1944) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physics laboratory and the University of Colorado at Boulder. His work has included advances in optics, specifically laser cooling of ions in Paul traps and use of trapped ions to implement quantum computing operations. He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics, jointly with Serge Haroche, for “ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”, a study about the light particles, the photons.

Chemistry :

Brian Kobilka : Brian Kent Kobilka (born 1955) is an American Nobel Prize winning professor in the departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He is also the co-founder of ConfometRx, a biotechnology company focusing on G protein-coupled receptors. He was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2011.

Robert Lefkowitz : Robert Joseph Lefkowitz (born April 15, 1943) is an American physician-scientist best known for his work with G protein-coupled receptors, for which, with Brian Kobilka, he was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Physiology or Medicine :

John Gurdon : Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (JBG), FRS (born 2 October 1933) is a British developmental biologist. He is best known for his pioneering research in nuclear transplantation and cloning. He was awarded the Lasker Award in 2009. In 2012, he and Shinya Yamanaka were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.

Shinya Yamanaka : Shinya Yamanaka ( born September 4, 1962) is a Japanese physician and researcher of adult stem cells. He serves as the director of Center for iPS Cell Research and Application and a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences at Kyoto University; as a senior investigator at the UCSF-affiliated J. David Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Yamanaka is also the current president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). He received the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2011 with Rudolf Jaenisch. the Millennium Technology Prize in 2012 together with Linus Torvalds. In 2012 he along with John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.

Literature :

Mo Yan : Guan Moye ( born 17 February 1955), better known by the pen name Mo Yan , is a Chinese novelist and short story writer, described by Donald Morrison in U.S. news magazine TIME as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers".He has been referred to as the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller. Before 2012, he was known to Western readers primarily for two novels which formed the basis of the film Red Sorghum. That year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".

Peace :

European Union : The European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe.The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens.The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states.On 12 October 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."

Economy :

Alvin E. Roth: Alvin Eliot "Al" Roth (born December 19, 1951) is an American economist who is currently a visiting professor at Stanford University, as well as George Gund Professor of Economics and Business Administration (on leave) at Harvard Business School. Roth has made significant contributions to the fields of game theory, market design and experimental economics, and is known for his emphasis on applying his economic theory to solutions for "real-world" problems. In 2012, he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Lloyd Shapley "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design".

Lloyd Shapley: Lloyd Stowell Shapley (born June 2, 1923) is a distinguished American mathematician and economist. He is a Professor Emeritus at University of California, Los Angeles, affiliated with departments of Mathematics and Economics. He has contributed to the fields of mathematical economics and especially game theory. Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Lloyd Shapley has been regarded by many experts as the very personification of game theory.With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design."